What are the impacts?
The impacts are changes or transformations that, thanks to our work, are introduced in society or in the environment of the target audience. By social impact we refer to impact in the strict sense (impact), while “impacts on the target audience” will be understood as “results” (outcome). In the case of the outcome (results), there are multiple levels of impact. For example, a change in the capabilities, behavior or life of the target audience, as illustrated in "the ladder of impact" shown above. The impacts are the result of certain actions. These can be proposals, measures or products. In this case we talk about output (benefits). It is not about impacts themselves, but conditions necessary to generate them.

Why is impact orientation important?
Why should we work in an impact-oriented manner and analyze its effectiveness? The objective of a project is to improve the situation of its target audience and offer high quality to the participants. To do this, the first thing to do is to think well what we want to achieve for our target audience.

No wind is favorable for those who sail aimlessly.
SÉNECA (4 A.C. - 65 D.C.)

We have conceived a work plan in several stages which we will transmit progressively, the starting point is impact planning.

Before raising anchors, it is usual to mentally visualize the trip
That is about to be undertaken. At that time, a series of questions such as the following are usually asked: • What is the reason for our trip? • What is the desired destination for
our passengers?
• What path must be followed to get there?
Now let's consider that, instead of a cruise, we are facing a
project for a non-profit entity. The questions we would ask ourselves would be, more or less, the same. As we see in the example of the cruise, the planning phase is the key to performing an effective job.

Understand the challenges and needs

Based on what will we assess the result of the cruise? How to choose our company? How to know what equipment we need? Will we book a trip through the Atlantic for the whole group just because we want it to be a perfect cruise? Will we buy raincoats for all passengers, regardless of our destination or route, just because we found them at a good price? Well, cruise planning is likely to proceed somewhat differently …
We will surely also examine the real context in which
find the trip: is it a relaxing cruise through the Caribbean, or
Do we want it to be an expedition through the Antarctic with an icebreaker? And, as regards passengers: what people are on board? How to plan the trip, so that it is to your liking and that you do not leave at the first port we reach? Is it known if there are any of them who are nervous about being their first cruise, or because they don't know how to swim? Are there people prone to dizziness? As we can see: among the considerations to consider when planning a cruise, both the travel context and the specific needs of the passengers are included. When we talk about planning and execution of social projects, the thing is exactly the same.

FROM "INTUITION" TO KNOWLEDGE

Why is it so important to take into account the situation (exit), the needs and the environment of a project? If the desired impact is to be generated effectively, the projects must be tailored to the real context and the needs of the target audience.
It is likely that this statement may sound somewhat banal to many nonprofit organizations with long experience in a given area. However, analyzing the needs of the target audience and the environment is not only useful for newly created projects, but also for those that are already underway.

When should a needs and environment analysis be performed?
The analysis of needs and environment is not only a key element in the design of projects. In addition, it facilitates the development of a coherent activity in existing projects. It is nothing unusual to have a project already underway and be forced to apply changes that were not included in your approach.

For whom and for what purpose is the analysis performed?
The objective of the needs and environment analysis should be clear from the beginning, since, as much as it focuses on the needs of the target audience and the environment,Its approach may vary depending on cognitive interest.

Questions for the analysis of the need and the environment.
In order to have a broad vision of the starting situation, local needs and the project environment, it is necessary to ask a series of questions. The following questions are essential for the analysis of needs and environment:
1.- What is the social challenge that the project wants to face? Is the challenge as big as expected? How is the situation in the
ground?
2.- Who is the target audience of the project? What are your needs?
3.- Which parties should be involved in the project?
4.- What proposals already exist in this area? What results are
Have you obtained with them? What deficiencies should be covered? Where are there options to cooperate? Where could there be competition?
5.- What are the causes and consequences of this social challenge, and how do they relate to each other?

The dimensions of the social challenge and the situation on the ground.

First, it is useful to have an overview of the scope of the challenge social and determine, for example, how many people the problem affects. This information can be extracted, in part, from available data sources. Among them we would find statistics and official reports. Some publication data
Regular (such as the unemployment rate) allow you to estimate the current situation. On the other hand, they could reflect trends and negative developments of a punctual nature. This type of information is usually presented in a very summarized way, such as measures at the national level. If we want to express data at another scale, such as at the metropolitan or municipal level, we must collect the specific data on the ground, since they can differ completely between one place and another. In addition to the number of those affected, we must collect complementary information such as demographic and infrastructure data. This will provide us with a meaningful vision of the future location of the project.
Sometimes, that data may answer the question directly
in question. Other times, however, they will only provide some clue to the respect. For example, the amount of school food distributed for free would be an indication of the social situation of children in the neighborhood. In cases like this, obtaining adequate and relevant information for our work can already be a challenge. It is here that interaction with organizations that are already working in that place becomes very useful.

The target audience and their needs

The target audience of a project is made up of individuals or groups (families, teams, organizations). Most of the time they can be geographically located in cities, neighborhoods or communities. When doing the needs analysis, we must narrow down and describe our audience as best as possible objective. In this way, project planning will be done.
right to your needs and, thanks to that, it can cause the greatest impact. The description of the target audience should be able to answer the following questions: who are the members of the target audience? How old are them? What area do they come from (neighborhood, city)? What is your social situation? What is your educational status? Are they of immigrant origin? What is your economic situation? What are the challenges they face? What is your family situation? What are your potential and strengths?

Identification and involvement of interested parties.

Most social problems are complex. In addition, they are usually defined and evaluated differently by more than one interested party. This multiplies the difficulty of the process of defining the problem and the objective, as well as the development of a strategy for the project. That is why it is so important to involve the relevant people, groups or institutions, as it will facilitate optimal planning and implementation of the project.

Bibliographic references

Bono, Maria Laura (2006): NPO-Controlling
– Professionelle Steuerung sozialer Dienstleistungen, Stuttgart.

Ander-Egg, Ezekiel. "Social Research Techniques." Editorial Magisterium of
Río de la Plata, 23rd edition. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1993

Inter-American Development Bank. Evaluation and preparation of projects. EVOevaluación: a management tool to improve project performance
(Logic frame). Evaluation and design of projects. March 1997

Other sources

In our next post we will analyze the objectives of an impact project.

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